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SPARK WORKS! The following articles prove the dramatic results achieved by schools and agencies that have implemented SPARK programs. SPARK is the most published study ever on K-8 physical education!SPARK Armstrong, C. A., Sallis, J. F., Alcaraz, J. E., Kolody, B., McKenzie, T. L., & Hovell, M. F. (1998). Children's television viewing, body fat, and physical fitness. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12, 363-368. Butcher, J., Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., & Alcaraz, J. E. (2001). Longitudinal study of children's participation in organized sport and instructional programs. Avante, 7(1), 86-96.
Faucette, N., McKenzie, T. L., & Sallis, J. (1992). Self-contained versus Team teaching: An analysis of a physical education intervention by classroom teachers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 268-287. Faucette, N., Nugent, P., Sallis, J. F., & McKenzie, T. L. (2002). "I'd rather chew on aluminum foil." Overcoming classroom teachers' resistance to teaching physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 21, 287-308. Faucette, N., Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J., & Kolody, B. (1995). Comparison of fourth grade students' out-of-school physical activity levels and choices by gender. Journal of Health Education, 26(2) Supplement, 82-90. Hovell, M. F., Sallis, J. F., Kolody, B., McKenzie, T. L. (1999). Children's physical activity choices: A developmental analysis of gender, intensity levels, and time. Pediatric Exercise Science, 11, 158-168. Kolody, B., & Sallis, J. F. (1995). A prospective study of ponderosity, body image, self-concept, and psychological variables in children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16, 1-5.
Marshall, S., Sarkin, J., Sallis, J. F., & McKenzie, T. L. (1998). Tracking of health-related fitness components in youth ages 9-12. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 910-916. McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J., & Sallis, J. F. (1994) Assessing children's liking for activity units in an elementary school physical education curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 13, 206-215. McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J. E., Sallis, J. F., & Faucette, F. N. (1998). Effects of a physical education program on children's manipulative skills. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 327-341. McKenzie, T. L., LaMaster, K. J., Sallis, J. F., Marshall, S. J. (1999). Classroom teachers' leisure time physical activity and their conduct of physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19, 125-131. McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., & Armstrong, C. A. (1994) Association between direct observation and accelerometer measures of children's physical activity during physical education and recess. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(5), Supplement, 143. (Abstract) McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Faucette, N., Roby, J., & Kolody, B. (1993). Effects of an inservice intervention on the quality and quantity of elementary classroom teachers' physical education classes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 178-187. McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Kolody, B., & Faucette, N. (1997). Long term effects of a physical education curriculum and staff development program: SPARK. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68, 280-291. McKenzie, T.L., Sallis, J.F., and Nader, P.R. (1991). SOFIT: System for observing fitness instruction time. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 11, 195-205. Prochaska, J.J., Sallis, J.F., Slymen, D.J., & McKenzie, T.L. (2003). A longitudinal study of children's enjoyment of physical education. Pediatric Exercise Science, 15, 170-178.
Rosengard, P. (1994). Helping elementary school classroom teachers provide quality physical education instruction. CAHPERD Journal/Times, 57(2), 5. Rosengard, P. & McKenzie, T.L. (1994). Strategies to increase children's physical activity levels in physical education. CAHPERD Journal/Times, 57(1), 9. Rosengard, P., Sallis, J.F., and McKenzie, T.L. (1997). Thirteen ways parents can encourage physical activity in children. Strategies, 11(2), 25-26. Sallis, J. F., Alcaraz, J. E., McKenzie, T. L., & Hovell, M. F. (1999). Predictors of change in children's physical activity over 20 months in Project SPARK: Variations by sex and level of adiposity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 16, 222-229. Sallis, J. F., Alcaraz, J. E., McKenzie, T. L., Hovell, M. F., Kolody, B., & Nader, P. R. (1992). Parental behavior in relation to physical activity and fitness in 9-year-old children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 146, 1383-1388. Sallis, J. F., Condon, A., Goggin, K., Roby, J., Kolody, B., & Alcaraz, J. (1993). The development of self-administered physical activity surveys for 4th grade students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 64, 25-31. Sallis, J.F., and McKenzie, T.L. (1991). Physical education's role in public health. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62, 124-137. (lead article for a series that were invited to comment on this paper).
Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., & Alcaraz, J. E. (1993). Habitual physical activity and health-related physical fitness in fourth-grade children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 147, 890-896. Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Alcaraz, J. E., Kolody, B., Faucette, N., & Hovell, M. F. (1997). The effects of a 2-year physical education program (SPARK) on physical activity and fitness in elementary school students. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1328-1334.
Sarkin, J. A., McKenzie, T. L., & Sallis, J. F. (1997). Gender differences in physical activity during fifth-grade physical education and recess periods. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 99-106. SPARK Middle School Physical Education (Project M-SPAN-Middle School Physical Activity and Nutrition) Hoefer, W. R., McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Marshall, S. J., & Conway, T. L. (2001). Parental provision of transportation for adolescent physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(1), 48-51. Jones, L. R., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Marshall, S. J., & Pelletier, R. L. (1999). Ethnic and gender differences in request for and use of low/non-fat foods in bag lunches. Journal of School Health, 69, 332-336. Marshall, S. J., Biddle, S., Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., & Conway, T. L. (2002). Clustering of sedentary behaviors and physical activity among youth: A cross-national study. Pediatric Exercise Science, 14, 401-417. McKenzie, T. L. (2001). Promoting youth physical activity: Focus on middle school environments. Quest, 53(3), 326-334. McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Sallis, J. F., & Conway, T. L. (2000). Leisure-time physical activity in school environments: An observational study using SOPLAY. Preventive Medicine, 30, 70-77. McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. J., Sallis, J. F. & Conway, T. L. (2000). Student activity levels, lesson context, and teacher behavior during middle school physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 249-259. McKenzie, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., & LaMaster, K. (2004). Coeducational and single-sex physical education in middle schools: Impact on physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75, 446-449.
Moody, J. S., Prochaska, J. J., Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Brown, M., & Conway, T. (2004). Viability of parks and recreation centers as sites for youth physical activity Promotion. Health Promotion Practice, 5(4), 438-443 Powers, H. S., Conway, T. L., McKenzie, T. L., Sallis, J. F., & Marshall, S. J. (2002). Participation in extracurricular physical activity programs in middle schools. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73, 187-192. (June) Sallis, J. F. (1998). Helping schools provide better food and more activity. Weight Control Digest, 8(5), 748-752. Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Prochaska, J. J., McKenzie, T. L., Marshall, S. & Brown, M. (2001). School environments are associated with youth physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 618-620. Sallis, J.F., McKenzie, T.L. Conway, T.L., Elder, J.P., Prochaska, J.J., Brown, M., Marshall, S.J., Alcaraz, J.E., Rosengard, R., Strelow, J., & Powers, H. (2002). Promoting and measuring youth physical activity throughout the school day: Project M-SPAN. Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis, 7 (supplement), 44-53. (published in Estonia)
Strelow, J. S., Larson, J. J., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Powers, H. S., McKenzie, T. L. (2002). Factors influencing the performance of volunteers who provide physical activity in middle schools. Journal of School Health, 72, 147-151. Wildey, M. B., Pampalone, S., Pelletier, R. L., Zive, M. M., Elder, J. P., & Sallis, J. F. (2000). Fat and sugar levels are high in snacks purchased from student stores in middle schools. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 100, 319-322. SPARK CURRICULA McKenzie, T. L. & Rosengard, P. (2000). SPARK Physical Education, Grades 3-6. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. (32 sections, 297 pages) Rosengard, P., & McKenzie, T. L. (2001). SPARK Physical Education Program, Grades 6-8. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. (21 sections, 322 pages) Rosengard, P., McKenzie, T. L. & Short, K. (2000). SPARK Physical Education, Grades K-2. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. (17 sections, 242 pages) Rosengard, P., McKenzie, T. L., Short, K., & Strelow, J. (2000). SPARK: Active Recreation, Ages 5-14. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. Kimbrell, P., Richey, P., Rosengard, P., & McKenzie, T. L. (in progress). SPARK: Early Childhood/Preschool Program. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. Goggin, K., Williston, J., Rosengard, P., Bernal, R., Sallis, J., & McKenzie, T. L. (1993). SPARK Self-Management, Level I. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. (116 pages) Armstrong, C., Rosengard, P., Condon, A., Sallis, J., Bernal, R., & McKenzie, T. L. (1993). SPARK Self-Management, Level II. San Diego: SDSU Foundation. (97 pages)
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